A bowl of deep red spicy bun bo Hue noodle soup from the imperial city

Vietnam · War · Memory

The Last Meal Before the Fall

Linh T. · Houston, USA · ❤ 203
Two days before Saigon fell, my grandmother made bun bo Hue at midnight. I did not know it was the last meal we would ever share.

The date was April 28, 1975. Saigon had been falling for days in the way that things fall when they have been falling for years — not all at once, but then all at once. My grandmother, Ba Noi, had come south from Hue in 1954 when Vietnam was partitioned and her family chose the south. She had survived that displacement. She was not a woman who was frightened easily. But that night she cooked.

I was nineteen. I was living with my parents and grandmother in a small house in District 3. We had a radio. We knew what was happening at Tan Son Nhat airport, at the edges of the city, in the announcements that grew more urgent and then suddenly went quiet. Sometime after ten o'clock, without explaining why, Ba Noi went to the kitchen and began making bun bo Hue. At midnight. She had saved lemongrass from the market that week. She had shrimp paste, pork bones, a cut of beef shin. She cooked for three hours.

We ate at three in the morning, the four of us at the kitchen table. No one spoke very much. The soup was the way she had always made it — deeply fragrant, red-orange from the annatto oil, the broth rich with lemongrass and a heat that built slowly in the back of the throat. It was the soup of her home city. It was the soup she had carried south in her memory twenty years earlier, the way you carry what you love when you must leave it behind.

My younger sister Lan and I left the next morning. My parents would follow in days, we thought. My grandmother was sixty-one and refused to go anywhere. She said she had already been displaced once and she would not be displaced again. I held her hands at the door. She told me to eat properly, wherever I ended up. She told me not to forget how the soup was made.

We made it to a boat on the Saigon River on the morning of the thirtieth. I will not describe the boat. I will say we survived it, and that we spent four months in a refugee camp in Thailand, and that we arrived in Houston in January of 1977, sponsored by a Baptist church whose members had never met a Vietnamese person and were very kind and very confused by us. My parents arrived eight months later, by a different route. My grandmother did not leave. I learned she had died in 1981, from a letter that reached me in 1989 when correspondence became possible again.

I have made bun bo Hue every April 30th since I arrived in Houston. Not April 28th, which was the night of the soup — but the thirtieth, which is the date the city fell and the date that marks, for those of us who left, the line between before and after. My children grew up with this ritual. They are American. They call it the anniversary soup. They know what it means even if they have no memory of the place it comes from. My granddaughter, who is nine and was born in Houston, has started writing down the recipe in a notebook she keeps in her room. I watched her do this last year and felt something I cannot quite name — grief and continuation at the same time, sitting side by side in the same moment the way bitterness and sweetness sit in a bowl of good soup.

Bun bo Hue in a wide bowl with lemongrass broth, thick noodles and fresh herbs
The broth is deeper and more complex than pho — lemongrass, shrimp paste, annatto — and the heat should be felt in the chest, not just on the tongue.

Serves

6 people

Total Time

3–4 hours

Origin

Hue, central Vietnam — the former imperial capital. Bun bo Hue predates pho by centuries and is considered the richer, more complex elder of Vietnamese noodle soups.

Ingredients

The Broth

  • beef shin or shank, whole 600 g
  • pork hock or trotters Provides gelatin and richness — do not substitute 600 g
  • lemongrass stalks, bruised 4
  • water 3 litres
  • fish sauce 3–4 tbsp
  • sugar 1 tsp
  • salt to taste

The Spice Paste

  • lemongrass, very finely minced Inner pale part only 3 stalks
  • shallots, minced 4
  • garlic cloves, minced 4
  • dried red chillies, rehydrated and minced Adjust to your heat tolerance — the soup should be assertively spicy 4–6
  • mam ruoc (fermented shrimp paste) This is the defining flavour of bun bo Hue — do not omit or substitute 1 tbsp
  • annatto seeds or annatto oil For the deep red-orange colour of the broth 1 tbsp seeds or 2 tbsp oil
  • neutral oil 2 tbsp

To Serve

  • round bun rice noodles, thick Not the flat pho noodles — bun bo Hue uses round, chewy noodles 400 g
  • cooked beef shin, thinly sliced from the broth
  • cha lua (Vietnamese pork roll), sliced Available at Asian supermarkets 150 g
  • fresh bean sprouts a handful
  • banana blossom, shredded Traditional garnish in Hue optional
  • fresh herbs: perilla, Vietnamese mint, spring onion generous
  • lime wedges and fresh sliced chilli to serve

The Process

The broth is built in two stages: the long simmer for body, then the spice paste for soul. The paste goes in at the end, not the beginning — this is what gives the broth its clean, bright red heat rather than a muddy one.

1

Blanch the bones and meat

Place the beef shin and pork hock in a large pot. Cover with cold water, bring to a rolling boil and cook for five minutes. Drain and rinse thoroughly under cold water. This removes impurities and ensures a clear, clean broth. Return the meat to the pot.

2

Build the long broth

Add 3 litres of fresh cold water to the pot with the blanched meat and the bruised lemongrass stalks. Bring slowly to a simmer. Skim any foam in the first 20 minutes. Cook at a gentle simmer, partially covered, for 2 to 2.5 hours. Remove the beef shin when tender (around 1.5 hours) and set aside to cool for slicing. The pork continues until the broth is full and rich.

3

Make the spice paste

If using annatto seeds, heat 2 tbsp oil in a small pan, add the seeds and stir for 1 minute until the oil turns deep red. Strain and discard the seeds; reserve the red oil. In the same pan, fry the lemongrass, shallots, and garlic in the annatto oil over medium heat for 5 minutes until golden and fragrant. Add the chillies and cook 2 more minutes. Add the shrimp paste and stir for 1 minute. The paste should be dark, intensely fragrant, and slightly oily.

Ba Noi's warning The smell of the shrimp paste cooking will be very strong. Open a window. The finished soup will not smell like this — it will smell magnificent.
4

Unite the broth and paste

Remove the pork hock from the broth and pull the meat from the bones; return the meat to the pot, discard bones. Add the spice paste to the simmering broth and stir well. Season with fish sauce, sugar, and salt. The broth should be deeply savoury, spicy, and faintly sweet — with a clean lemongrass fragrance cutting through. Simmer together for 15 minutes.

5

Cook noodles and assemble

Cook the round rice noodles according to packet instructions. Divide into deep bowls. Top with sliced beef shin, sliced cha lua, and a handful of bean sprouts. Ladle the boiling broth over everything — it must be at a full boil when it hits the bowl. Pile fresh herbs on top. Serve immediately with lime and chilli alongside.

Notes from Linh T.

Mam ruoc — fermented shrimp paste — is the ingredient that most distinguishes bun bo Hue from pho. It is funky, deeply savoury, and irreplaceable. Find it at any Vietnamese or Southeast Asian grocery store. It keeps in the refrigerator for months.

In Hue, the soup is served with a plate of raw vegetables for people to add as they eat: banana blossom, morning glory, perilla, bean sprouts. The eating is active and personal. There is no fixed garnish.

Ba Noi made the broth with pork blood cubes (tiet canh) as well, which are traditional. I have never been able to bring myself to include them. I think she would forgive me for this one omission.

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